Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation

Our Research

The Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation (CLSF) is focused on developing a detailed understanding of lignocellulose, the main structural material in plants.

Perspective

Every living organism on Earth uses glucose as an energy source. Plants not only make glucose from sunlight, water and carbon dioxide, but they convert much of it into an energy-rich material – the lignocellulosic cell wall – that is both a versatile material and a recalcitrant feedstock for liquid biofuel production, both properties stemming from its hierarchical structure at the nano- to mesoscales. Our research addresses key questions in plant biology: by understanding the fundamental science of how plants manufacture lignocellulose, we may devise new ways to control it (through genetic engineering) and transform it (through chemical engineering) for improved technologies to supply our energy and material needs for a sustainable future.

Research Plan and Direction

CLSF researchers investigate:

These manufacturing processes, practiced by nearly every plant cell, greatly exceed the current capabilities of human technologies. The goals of the CLSF are to develop a detailed nano- to meso-scale understanding of plant cell walls, from glucose polymerization and glucan crystallization into cellulose microfibrils to the orderly hierarchical assembly of the components to form the mature plant cell wall. Success in our research goals will offer many lessons in how to create such hierarchical structures, how to vary and manipulate them, and potentially how to disassemble them more efficiently than is currently possible. Our team of accomplished biological, physical and computational researchers with their diverse technical expertise and team collaboration work towards these goals which straddle biology and physics.

Research Highlights

    supplementary Biomacromolecules journal cover showcases Deligey/Frank et al.2022 article
  1. “Most polysaccharide biosynthesis and some modifications, including methylation, occur in the Golgi body. Thus, identifying potential transporters of SAM into the Golgi is important for understanding the role of pectin modifications in cell wall structure and function.”   The editorial team of Nature Plants provided this statement in their research briefing “Shutting the door on polysaccharide methylation"  which highlighted CLSF’s latest research publication Golgi-localized putative S-Adenosyl methionine transporters required for plant cell wall polysaccharide methylation Temple et al. 2022. (June 2022)
  2. A CLSF collaborative team used an innovative combination of cryo-electron tomography and sensitivity-enhanced solid-state NMR to detail the structure of cellulose fibers synthesized in-vitro by CESAs present in membrane fractions of Physcomitrium patens (a moss) in Deligey, Frank et al. 2022. The combination of these techniques allows us to detail both the nanoscale assembly and atomic-level structure of cellulose fibers. The work is published in Biomacromolecules with a highlight as a supplementary journal cover.   (April 2022)
  3. Lignin structure and xylan conformation regulate the physical packing interactions of lignin and polysaccharides and have variable patterns among grasses, hardwoods, and softwoods.  These findings by Kirui et al. utilizing solid-state NMR, unveil the principles of polymer interactions underlying the heterogeneous architecture of lignocellulosic materials. The article is published in Nature Communications and is selected by the editors as a featured article within the topic of Structural Biology, Biochemistry and Biophysics.  (January 27, 2022)
  4. views of the four-lamella wall after equilibration and close-ups of top and side viewsThe results of altering the protein sequence of a CESA gating loop, which is predicted to help regulate cellulose synthase enzyme activity, is reported in Burris et al. 2021.  Seven changes were tested in a secondary wall cellulose synthase and compared to prior data on parallel changes in two other divergent cellulose synthase isomers involved in primary wall synthesis.  The results demonstrate the potential of protein engineering to modulate cellulose synthesis through subtle changes in regulatory regions. (August 2021)
  5. A plant cell wall’s unique ability to expand without weakening or breaking—a quality required for plant growth—is due the movement of its cellulose skeleton, according to new research that models the cell wall. The new model, created by Penn State CLSF researchers, reveals that chains of cellulose bundle together within the cell wall, providing strength, and slide against each other when the cell is stretched, providing extensibility. The new study, which appears online May 14 in the journal Science, presents a new concept of the plant cell wall, gives insights into plant cell growth, and could provide inspiration for the design of polymeric materials with new properties. Read PSU news coverage and watch a short video that demostrates the dynamics during stretching.

  6. cellulose fibers pictured in green in cells of onion skin peel (credit Edward Wagner)Research led by Enrique Gomez and Esther Gomez at Penn State has identified, for the first time, that cellulose crystals have a preferred orientation relative to the cell wall in plants and may be due to some common consequence of how plants make their cell walls. These findings published in September in Nature Communications may help settle a long-standing debate in the cellulose field — whether crystals within plant cell walls twist — because heaving a preferred orientation suggests that crystals aren't twisting.  These findings came as a result of applying a technique called grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) “developed for materials science and used extensively for the study of thin films, including polymer films” to the study of plant cell walls. Read PSU news coverage or open access research article in Nature Communications.
  7. CLSF researchers determined the structure of a cellulose synthase CesA homotrimer which enables structural insights into the unique nanomachinery used by plants to form cellulose chains and microfibrils from sugar monomers. This structure published in Science (Purushotham et al 2020) provides a detailed entry point for investigating how the enzyme works, how three of the enzymes assemble into trimeric subunits, and how six of the subunits assemble into the cellulose synthesis complex which makes the cellulose microfibril. 
  8. Our recent manuscript Singh et al. 2020 demonstrates that a full-length plant synthase protein structure can be successfully predicted using computational methods. Our CESA model can be used to explain numerous structure-activity relationships within plant cellulose synthases, and we believe that many researchers will find it useful for the selection and subsequent testing of appropriate mutants in order to optimize biomass properties.  
  9. The nanoscale architecture of fresh, frozen cell walls from several plants has been imaged using low-temperature scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM), revealing the dimensions of the cell wall macrofibrils which are made of cellulose and other components. “Visualising the macrofibrils of several trees and of the model plant Arabidopsis allows us to see how the macrofibril size changes in cell walls with different compositions. This will help us develop models for the content of the macrofibrils ” said Professor Paul Dupree, a co-author of the study in the University of Cambridge and a researcher in CLSF. Read the details in Frontiers of Plant Science at Lyczakowski et al. 2019
  10. Using solid-state NMR spectroscopy, Phyo and CLSF researchers showed that low pH neutralizes pectins, which weaken the interactions between pectins and cellulose, which then allow polysaccharide slippage, ultimately leading to wall loosening. These structural and dynamical findings about Arabidopsis primary cell walls have general implications for the mechanism of acid growth of plant cell walls. Read the details in Cellulose at Phyo et al. 2019
  11. In a collaborative project, Shrestha and colleagues at Oak Ridge National Lab and Penn State, combined experiment and simulation to determine that arabinsose side-chains confer flexibility to xylan, a property that that may explain xylan function in plant cell walls. Read the details at Shrestha et al. 2019 (Arabinose substitution effect on xylan rigidity and self-aggregation).
  12. Challenging fundamental cell wall assumptions: an article in the Frontiers in Energy Research Summer 2019 Newsletter entitled Inspiration, Not Imitation: Chemists with Energy Research Centers design molecules for natural function included comments from CLSF's James Kubicki about honing models on cellulose synthesis and the strength of working in a group of scientists with mixed backgrounds and specialties. Since our group started with a good number of scientist that had never worked on the topic of plant cell walls, and continues to add member scientists outside this field, "[we] came in without having the prejudices and biases that people had from reading the literature from the past thirty years... We challenged many of the fundamental assumptions,” Kubicki said, “and one of those was the size of the cellulose microfibril.” Read the full article here
  13. Our researchers (Hill et al. 2018) revealed that multiple domains in the enzyme that produces cellulose in secondary cell walls, cellulose synthase (CesA), are involved in protein recognition. Chimeric genes were constructed that swapped domains of the enzyme involved in protein-protein contact, and ability to recover crystalline cellulose content and stem height in cellulose deficient plants indicated which domains are relevant in the protein-protein recognition or contact. 
  14. Introduction of a new technique - resonant soft X-ray scattering (RSoXS) - to the study of plant cell walls is reported in a recent paper in Scientific Reports (Ye et al. 2018). RSoXS enhances contrast by tuning the X-ray energy, allowing for the study of cell wall structure on the scale of tens of nanometers. Using this technique, the spacing between microfibrils or microfibril bundles is revealed to be around 20 nm.
  15. A recent paper in the journal Cellulose (Oehme et al. 2018)​ details how researchers from the CLSF have developed computational techniques to gain a greater understanding of how cellulose chains pack together within plant cell walls. Molecular dynamics simulations are combined with quantum mechanical calculations of computational models to produce NMR spectra, which can then be compared to experimental data to validate the different models produced.
  16. In an article on "Diffuse Growth of Plant Cell Walls", Daniel Cosgrove reviews the biophysical basis of cell wall growth, recent paradigm shifts in the role and interactions of cell wall components that compose the cell wall, and insights from atomic force microscopy (AFM) that reveal the details of microfibril organization and motions during wall enlargement.

 

More information

Publications

      • Yu, Jingyi; Del Mundo, Joshua T.; Freychet, Guillaume; Zhernenkov, Mikhail; Schaible, Eric; Gomez, Esther W.; Gomez, Enrique D.; Cosgrove, Daniel J. (2024) Dynamic Structural Change of Plant Epidermal Cell Walls under Strain. Small 2024, 2311832. doi 10.1002/smll.202311832
      •  Tryfona, Theodora; Pankratova, Yanina; Petrik, Deborah; Moran, Diego Rebaque; Wightman, Raymond; Yu, Xiaolan; Echevarria-Poza, Alberto; Deralia, Parveen Kumar; Vilaplana, Francisco; Anderson, Charles T.; Hong, Mei; Dupree, Paul (2024) Altering the substitution and cross‐linking of glucuronoarabinoxylans affects cell wall architecture in Brachypodium distachyon. New Phytologist 242(2):524-543. doi 10.1111/nph.19624
      •  Ajayi, Oyeyemi; Zelinsky, Ellen; Anderson, Charles T. (2024) A core of cell wall proteins functions in wall integrity responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Direct. 2024 Apr;8(4):e579. doi: 10.1002/pld3.579 Cover of Cellulose volume 31 February 2024 issue showing image of 3D structure of GhCESA1 in cell membrane from Kwansa et al. 2024 paper
      • Kwansa AL, Singh A, Williams JT, Haigler CH, Roberts AW, Yingling YG (2024) Structural determination of a full-length plant cellulose synthase informed by experimental and in silico method. Cellulose 31: 1429-1447. doi 10.1007/s10570-023-05691-x
      • Rongpipi, Sintu; William J. Barnes, Oskar Siemianowski, Dan Ye, Joshua T. Del Mundo, Sydney Duncombe, Xiaoran Xin, Chenhui Zhu, Michael F. Toney, Ying Gu, Charles T. Anderson, Enrique D. Gomez, Esther W. Gomez (2024) Matrix polysaccharides affect preferred orientation of cellulose crystals in primary cell walls. Cellulose 31: 1397-1415. doi 10.1007/s10570-023-05702-x
      • Yu, Jingyi; Zhang, Yao; and Cosgrove, Daniel J. (2024). The nonlinear mechanics of highly extensible plant epidermal cell walls. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 121, e2316396121. doi 10.1073/pnas.2316396121
      • Duan, Pu; Hong, Mei (2024) Selective Detection of Intermediate-Amplitude Motion by Solid-State NMR. J. Phys. Chem. B 128: 2293-2303 doi 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c06839
      • Siemianowski, Oskar; Sintu Rongpipi, Joshua T. Del Mundo, Guillaume Freychet, Mikhail Zhernenkov, Enrique D. Gomez, Esther W. Gomez, Charles T. Anderson (2024) Flexible pectin nanopatterning drives cell wall organization in plants. JACS Au 4 (1): 177-188. doi 10.1021/jacsau.3c00616
      • Cosgrove, D.J. (2024) Structure and growth of plant cell walls. Nat Rev Mol Cell Bio doi 10.1038/s41580-023-00691-y
      • Choi, Juseok; Lee, Jongcheol; Makarem, Mohamadamin; Lee, Chonghan; Lee, Jongcheol; Kiemle, Sarah; Cosgrove, Daniel J; Kim, Seong H. (2023) Tissue-specific directionality of cellulose synthase complex movement inferred from cellulose microfibril polarity in secondary cell walls of Arabidopsis. Scientific Reports 13, Article number: 22007. doi 10.1038/s41598-023-48545-z
      • Gupta, Madhulika; Dupree, Paul; Petridis, Loukas; Smith, Jeremy C. (2023) Patterns in interactions of variably acetylated xylans with hydrophobic cellulose surfaces. Cellulose 30, 11323–11340 (2023). doi 10.1007/s10570-023-05584-z
      • Lee J, Choi J, Feng L, Yu J, Zheng Y, Zhang Q, Lin YT, Sah S, Gu Y, Zhang S, Cosgrove DJ, Seong, SH (2023) Regiospecific Cellulose Orientation and Anisotropic Mechanical Property in Plant Cell Walls. Biomacromolecules 24, 4759-4770. doi 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00538
      • Rongpipi S, Barnes WJ, Siemianowski O, Del Mundo JT, Wang C, Freychet G, Zhernenkov M, Anderson CT, Gomez EW, Gomez ED. (2023) Measuring calcium content in plants using NEXAFS spectroscopy. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2023 Aug 16; 14:1212126. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1212126
      • Xiang M, Yuan S, Zhang Q, Liu X, Li Q, Leng Z, Sha J, Anderson CT, and Xiao C. (2023). Galactosylation of xyloglucan is essential for the stabilization of the actin cytoskeleton and endomembrane system through the proper assembly of cell walls. J Exp Bot 74, 5104-5123. doi 10.1093/jxb/erad237
      • Lee, Jongcheol, Arielle M. Chaves, Juseok Choi, Alison W. Roberts, and Seong H. Kim.  (2023) Sum frequency generation (SFG) microscopy analysis of cellulose microfibrils in Physcomitrium patens gametophore leaf. Cellulose Jul 7: 1-10. doi 10.1007/s10570-023-05355-w    Figure 2 of Lee et al. 2023 -how SFG is performed on a P. Patens leaf
      • Xin, Xiaoran; Wei, Donghui; Lei, Lei; Zheng, Haiyan; Wallace, Ian; Li, Shundai; Gu, Ying (2023) CALCIUM‐DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE32 regulates cellulose biosynthesis through post‐translational modification of cellulose synthase.  New Phytologist 239, 2212-2224.  doi  10.1111/nph.19106
      • Verma, Preeti; Kwansa, Albert L.; Ho, Ruoya; Yingling, Yaroslava G.; Zimmer, Jochen (2023) Insights into substrate coordination and glycosyl transfer of poplar cellulose synthase-8. Structure 31, 1166–1173.  doi 10.1016/j.str.2023.07.010
      • Chae, Inseok; Paniagua-Guerra, Luis E.; Pitcher, Mica L.; Koshani, Roya; Yuan, Mengxue; Lin, Yen-Ting; Lee, Jongcheol; Perini, Steven E.; Sheikhi, Amir; Ramos-Alvarado, Bladimir; Lanagan, Michael T.; Kim, Seong H. (2023) Relaxation dynamics of water in the vicinity of cellulose nanocrystals.  Cellulose 30, 8051-8061. doi 10.1007/s10570-023-05361-y
      • Peng, Xiaopeng; Tong, Botong; Lee, Jongcheol; Wang, Kun; Yu, Xiaojuan; Huang, Xiong; Wen, Jialong; Makarem, Mohamadamin; Pang, Hongying; Hinjan, Subin; Yan, Xiaojing; Yao, Shuangquan; Lu, Fachuang; Wang, Baichen; Peng, Feng; Ralph, John; Kim, Seong H.; Sederoff, Ronald R.; Li, Quanzi (2023) Overexpression of a gibberellin 20-oxidase gene in poplar xylem led to an increase in the size of nanocellulose fibrils and improved paper properties.  Carbohydrate Polymers 314: 120959. doi  10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120959  
      • Wu, Shu-Zon; Chaves, Arielle M.; Li, Rongrong; Roberts, Alison W.; Bezanilla, Magdalena (2023) Cellulose synthase-like D movement in the plasma membrane requires enzymatic activity.  Journal of Cell Biology 222 (6): e202212117.  doi 10.1083/jcb.202212117     
      • Del Mundo, Joshua T.; Rongpipi, Sintu; Yang, Hui; Ye, Dan; Kiemle, Sarah N.; Moffitt, Stephanie L.; Troxel, Charles L.; Toney, Michael F.; Zhu, Chenhui; Kubicki, James D.; Cosgrove, Daniel J.; Gomez, Esther W.; Gomez, Enrique D. (2023). Grazing-incidence diffraction reveals cellulose and pectin organization in hydrated plant primary cell wall. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 5421.  doi 10.1038/s41598-023-32505-8   
      • Gilcher, E.; Kuch, N.; Del Mundo, J.T.; Ausman, S.; Santiago-Martinez, L.; Clewett, C.; Gomez, E.W.; Gomez, E.D.; Root, T.; Fox, B.; Dumesic, J. (2023) Evolution of the cellulose microfibril through gamma-valerolactone assisted co-solvent and enzymatic hydrolysis. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 11 (8): 3270-3283. doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c06030
      • Coen, Enrico; Cosgrove, Daniel J. (2023) The mechanics of plant morphogenesis. Science 379, eade8055. doi 10.1126/science.ade8055   
      • Tryfona, Theodora; Bourdon, Matthieu; Marques, Rita Delgado; Busse‐Wicher, Marta; Vilaplana, Francisco; Stott, Katherine; Dupree, Paul (2023) Grass xylan structural variation suggests functional specialisation and distinctive interaction with cellulose and lignin. The Plant Journal 113: 1004-1020. 10.1016/j.tcsw.2021.100069
      • Purushotham, Pallinti; Ho, Ruoya; Yu, Long; Fincher, Geoffrey B.; Bulone, Vincent; Zimmer, Jochen (2022) Mechanism of mixed-linkage glucan biosynthesis by barley cellulose synthase–like CslF6 (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthase       Science Advances 8(45): eadd1596. doi 10.1126/sciadv.add1596
      • Pfaff, Sarah A.; Wang, Xuan; Wagner, Edward R.; Wilson, Liza A.; Kiemle, Sarah N.; Cosgrove, Daniel J. (2022) Detecting the orientation of newly-deposited crystalline cellulose with fluorescent CBM3.  The Cell Surface 8: 100089.  doi 10.1016/j.tcsw.2022.100089 
      • Del Mundo, Joshua T.; Rongpipi, Sintu; Gomez, Enrique D.; Gomez, Esther W. (2022) Characterization of biological materials with soft X-ray scattering. In Small Angle Scattering Part A: Methods for Structural Investigation (Methods in Enzymology), 2022, (ed. J. Tainer), Elsevier.  doi 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.08.042   
      • Rongpipi, Sintu; Del Mundo, Joshua T.; Gomez, Enrique D.; Gomez, Esther W.  (2022) Extracting structural insights from soft X-ray scattering of biological assemblies. In Small Angle Scattering Part B: Methods for Structural Interpretation (Methods in Enzymology), 2022, (ed. J. Tainer), Elsevier.  doi 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.09.017    
      • Zhao, Wencheng; Deligey, Fabien; Shekar, Chandra; Mentink-Vigier, Frederic; Wang, Tuo (2022) Current limitations of solid-state NMR in carbohydrate and cell wall research.  Journal of Magnetic Resonance 341: 107263. doi 10.1016/j.jmr.2022.107263    
      • Choi, Juseok; Lee, Jongcheol; Makarem, Mohamadamin; Huang, Shixin; Kim, Seong H. (2022) Numerical Simulation of Vibrational Sum Frequency Generation Intensity for Non-Centrosymmetric Domains Interspersed in an Amorphous Matrix: A Case Study for Cellulose in Plant Cell Wall. J. Phys. Chem. B 2022, 126, 35, 6629–6641.   doi  10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c03897   
      • Du, Juan; Vandavasi, Venu Gopal; Molloy, Kelly R.; Yang, Hui; Massenburg, Lynnicia N.; Singh, Abhishek; Kwansa, Albert L.; Yingling, Yaroslava G.; O’Neill, Hugh; Chait, Brian T.; Kumar, Manish; Nixon, Tracy (2022) Evidence for Plant-Conserved Region Mediated Trimeric CESAs in Plant Cellulose Synthase Complexes. Biomacromolecules 23(9): 3663-3677.  doi   10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00550   
      • Temple, Henry; Phyo, Pyae; Yang, Weibing; Lyczakowski, Jan J.; Echevarría-Poza, Alberto; Yakunin, Igor; Parra-Rojas, Juan Pablo; Terrett, Oliver M.; Saez-Aguayo, Susana; Dupree, Ray; Orellana, Ariel; Hong, Mei; Dupree, Paul (2022) Golgi-localized putative S-adenosyl methionine transporters required for plant cell wall polysaccharide methylation. Nature Plants 8: 656-669. doi 10.1038/s41477-022-01156-4
        1. An associated research briefing highlights the Temple et al. 2022 article: "Shutting the door on polysaccharide methylation". “Identifying potential transporters of SAM into the Golgi is important for understanding the role of pectin modifications in cell wall structure and function”.
      1. Cosgrove, Daniel J. (2022) Building an Extensible Cell Wall. Plant Physiology, kiac184.  doi 10.1093/plphys/kiac184
      2. Chemical Reviews cover May 25, 2022 issueDu, Juan; Anderson, Charles T.; Xiao, Chaowen (2022) Dynamics of pectic homogalacturonan in cellular morphogenesis and adhesion, wall integrity sensing and plant development. Nature Plants 8: 332–340  doi 10.1038/s41477-022-01120-2
      3. Deligey, Fabien; Frank, Mark A.; Cho, Sung Hyun; Kirui, Alex; Mentink-Vigier, Frederic; Swulius, Matthew T.; Nixon, Tracy; Wang, Tuo (2022) Structure of In Vitro-Synthesized Cellulose Fibrils Viewed by Cryo-Electron Tomography and 13C Natural-Abundance Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Solid-State NMR , Biomacromolecules 23(6): 2290-2301. doi 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01674 This article was also highlighted on one of the covers of the June 13, 2022 issue of Biomacromolecules.
      4. Neuwald, Andrew F.; Yang, Hui; Nixon, Tracy (2022) SPARC: Structural properties associated with residue constraints. Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal 20: 1702-1715. doi 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.04.005 
      5. Li, Xingxing; Chaves, Arielle M; Dees, Dianka C.T; Mansoori, Nasim; Yuan, Kai; Speicher, Tori L; Norris, Joanna H; Wallace, Ian S; Trindade, Luisa M; Roberts, Alison W. (2022) Cellulose synthesis complexes are homo-oligomeric and hetero-oligomeric in Physcomitrium patens. Plant Physiology 188: 2115–2130. doi 10.1093/plphys/kiac003
      6. Kirui, Alex; Zhao, Wancheng; Deligey, Fabien; Yang, Hui; Kang, Xue; Mentink-Vigier, Frederic; Wang, Tuo (2022)  Carbohydrate-aromatic interface and molecular architecture of lignocellulose.  Nature Communications 13: 538. doi 10.1038/s41467-022-28165-3
      7. Chakraborty, Ishita; Rongpipi, Sintu; Govindaraju, Indira; B, Rakesh; Mal, Sib Sankar; Gomez, Esther W.; Gomez, Enrique D.; Kalita, Ranjan Dutta; Nath, Yuthika; Mazumder, Nirmal (2022) An insight into microscopy and analytical techniques for morphological, structural, chemical, and thermal characterization of cellulose. Microscopy Research and Technique, 1-26. doi 10.1002/jemt.24057
      8. Cosgrove, Daniel J (2022) Plant Cell Growth and Cell Wall Enlargement. eLS, 1-14. doi 10.1002/9780470015902.a0029421 
      9. Cheung, Alice Y.; Cosgrove, Daniel J.; Hara-Nishimura, Ikuko; Jürgens, Gerd; Lloyd, Clive; Robinson, David G.; Staehelin, Andrew; Weijers, Dolf (2022) A rich and bountiful harvest: Key discoveries in plant cell biology. The Plant Cell 34: 53-71. doi  10.1093/plcell/koab234
      10. Chemical Reviews cover May 25, 2022 issueGhassemi, Nader; Poulhazan, Alexandre; Deligey, Fabien; Mentink-Vigier, Frederic; Marcotte, Isabelle; Wang, Tuo (2022) Solid-State NMR Investigations of Extracellular Matrixes and Cell Walls of Algae, Bacteria, Fungi, and Plants. Chemical Reviews 122: 10036-10086.  doi 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00669  This article was featured on the cover of the May 25, 2022 issue of Chemical Reviews (image created by Daniel S. Rouhani
      11. Duncombe, Sydney G; Chethan, Samir G; Anderson, Charles T. (2022) Super-resolution imaging illuminates new dynamic behaviors of cellulose synthase. The Plant Cell 34: 273 – 286. doi 10.1093/plcell/koab227
      12. Lin, Wenwei; Tang, Wenxin; Pan, Xue; Huang, Aobo; Gao, Xiuqin; Anderson, Charles T; Yang, Zhenbiao (2021) Arabidopsis pavement cell morphogenesis requires FERONIA binding to pectin for activation of ROP GTPase signaling. Current Biology 32(3): 497-507. doi 10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.030 
      13. Xue, Jan; Purushotham, Pallinti; Acheson, Justin F; Ho, Ruoya; Zimmer, Jochen; McFarlane, Ciaran; Van Petegem, Filip; Martone, Patrick T; Samuels, Lacey (2021) Functional characterization of a cellulose synthase, CtCESA1, from the marine red alga Calliarthron tuberculosum (Corallinales). Journal of Experimental Botany 73 (3): 680-695. doi 10.1093/jxb/erab414 
      14. Behar, Hila; Tamura, Kazune; Wagner, Edward R.; Cosgrove, Daniel J.; Brumer, Harry (2021) Conservation of endo-glucanase 16 (EG16) activity across highly divergent plant lineages. Biochemical Journal 478: 3063-3078. doi 10.1042/BCJ20210341 
      15. Julien, Jeffrey A; Fernandez, Martin G; Brandmier, Katrina M; Del Mundo, Joshua T; Bator, Carol M; Loftus, Lucie A; Gomez, Esther W; Gomez, Enrique D; Glover, Kerney Jebrell (2021) Rapid preparation of nanodiscs for biophysical studies. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 712: 109051. doi 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109051 
      16. Burris, Jason N; Makarem, Mohamadamin; Slabaugh, Erin; Chaves, Arielle; Pierce, Ethan T; Lee, Jongcheol; Kiemle, Sarah N; Kwansa, Albert L; Singh, Abhishek; Yingling, Yaroslava G; Roberts, Alison W; Kim, Seong H; Haigler, Candace H (2021) Phenotypic effects of changes in the FTVTxK region of an Arabidopsis secondary wall cellulose synthase compared with results from analogous mutations in other isoforms. Plant Direct 5:e335.  doi  10.1002/pld3.335   
      17. Kirui, Alex; Du, Juan; Zhao, Wancheng; Barnes, William; Kang, Xue; Anderson, Charles T; Xiao, Chaowen; Wang, Tuo (2021) A pectin methyltransferase modulates polysaccharide dynamics and interactions in Arabidopsis primary cell walls: Evidence from solid-state NMR. Carbohydrate Polymers 270: 118370.  doi:  10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118370 
      18. Duan, Pu; Kaser, Samuel J; Lyczakowski, Jan J; Phyo, Pyae; Tryfona, Theodora; Dupree, Paul; Hong, Mei (2021) Xylan Structure and Dynamics in Native Brachypodium Grass Cell Walls Investigated by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. ACS Omega 6 (23): 15460–15471. doi  10.1021/acsomega.1c01978    
      19. Zhang, Yao; Yu, Jingyi; Wang, Xuan; Durachko, Daniel M; Zhang, Sulin; Cosgrove, Daniel J (2021) Molecular insights into the complex mechanics of plant epidermal cell walls. Science 372 (6543): 706-711. doi 10.1126/science.abf2824
      20. Rongpipi, Sintu; Del Mundo, Joshua T; Gomez, Enrique D; Gomez, Esther W (2021) Resonant X-ray scattering of biological assemblies. MRS Communications. doi 10.1557/s43579-021-00020-4  
      21. Acheson, J.F; Ho, Ruoya; Goularte, N.F; Cegelski, L; Zimmer, Jochen (2021) Molecular organization of the E. coli cellulose synthase macrocomplex. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology 28: 310 - 318. doi 10.1038/s41594-021-00569-7
      22. Wilson, Liza A; Deligey, Fabien; Wang, Tuo; Cosgrove, Daniel J (2021) Saccharide Analysis of Onion Outer Epidermal Walls.  Biotechnology for Biofuels 14: 66. doi 10.1186/s13068-021-01923-z
      23. Gupta, Madhulika; Rawal, Takat B; Dupree, Paul; Smith, Jeremy C; Petridis, Loukas (2021) Spontaneous rearrangement of acetylated xylan on hydrophilic cellulose surfaces. Cellulose 28: 3327-3345. doi 10.1007/s10570-021-03706-z
      24. Allen, Holly; Wei, Donghui; Gu, Ying; Li, Shundai (2021) A historical perspective on the regulation of cellulose biosynthesis.  Carbohydrate Polymers 252: 117022. doi 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117022
      25. Zhao, Wancheng; Kirui, Alex; Deligey, Fabien; Mentink-Vigier, Frederic; Zhou, Yihua; Zhang, Baocai; Wang, Tuo (2021) Solid-state NMR of unlabeled plant cell walls: high-resolution structural analysis without isotopic enrichment. Biotechnology for Biofuels 14: 14. doi 10.1186/s13068-020-01858-x
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